Microbiology Notes free essay sample

His artful culmination artist â€Å"David†, was made somewhere in the range of 1501 and 1504 C. He was a French stone worker and writer D. Made the renowned fresco on the roof of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Branches of Microbiology Medical Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Agricultural Microbiology Legumes +N2-fixing Microorganisms have significant job in cycling plant supplements (N, P, C, S) Cattle creation relies upon rumen microorganisms Biotechnology Food creation (Dairy items (ogurt, cheddar) sauerkraut, pickles, wiener, bread, brew, wine and so on. Bioremediation (detoxification by utilization of microorganisms Genetic Engineering (control of qualities so as to make new items) * Who began Microbiology? Antoine van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch vendor The main individual to consider organisms to be being ALIVE! Father of bacteriology * What Leeuwenhoek could see? Various states of microbes Red platelets, spermatozoa, plant and creature cells Magnificat ion of his magnifying lens was 32X Robert Hooke’s Microscope Compared to Leeuwenhoek’s Robert Hook presented the compound magnifying instrument (target focal point + visual focal point) Robert Hook (1665) revealed that the littlest organic auxiliary joins were â€Å"little boxes†-cells CELL THEORY-every single living thing are made out of cells Golden Age of Microbiology (1830-1900) Scientists looked for answers to the accompanying inquiries: Is unconstrained age of microbial life conceivable? What causes maturation? What causes malady? How might we forestall contamination and ailment? Is unconstrained age of microbial life conceivable? Aristotle proposed unconstrained age living things can emerge from non-living issue Toads and snakes could be conceived of wet soles Worms could emerge from bodies Francesco Redi’s Experiment, 1670s Flies with meat 1765 Lazzaro Sallanzani led experients to negate the principle of unconstrained age biolied implantation, hermetically fixed the compartment. We will compose a custom exposition test on Microbiology Notes or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Nly a little split in the neck was adequate to permit entrance and advancement of â€Å"animalcules† in the implantation. Nicholas Appert protected his innovation and built up a business to save an assortment of food in fixed jugs canning Finally! Contentions about unconstrained age settled by Louis Pasteur Read about Louis Pasteur’s test How he truly did it? Pasteur’s S-molded flagon kept organisms, however let in (Swan Neck Flask) Joseph Meister First individual to be treated by Louis Pasteur against rabies Pasteur’s Discoveries Performed the most persuading test negating the hypothesis of unconstrained age Role of yeast in liquor aging Devised the procedure of purification and premise of aseptic strategies Disease of vine-cold be forestalled by warming the wine for a brief timeframe to a temp of 55-60 degrees Celsius The primary preventive treatment for rabies What causes ailment? Pasteur created germ hypothesis of illness, however had no proof†¦began taking a shot at Anthrax, yet couldn't get a fix Robert Koch Studied causative operators of illness Gave the main evidence that microbes causes sickness (by secluding the Bacillus anthracis bacillus in unadulterated culture)- germ hypothesis of ailment Perfected the method of segregating microorganisms in unadulterated culture-strong media-bubbled potato Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the creature causing the tuberculosis. Tuberculin-substance utilized for conclusion of tuberculosis Excreted into fluid culture and if there is an unfavorably susceptible response than the individual has tuberculosis Introduced the recoloring system for M. tuberculosis (corrosive quick recoloring) First to recolor bacterial smears Found the causative specialist of cholera 1905 got the Nobel Prize for Medicine Koch’s proposes Identify standards for demonstrating that a particular sort of a microorganism causes a particular ailment: 1. The microorganism ought to be continually present in an infected creature 2. The microorganism must be developed in unadulterated culture 3. When immunized into a solid creature, such microorganism should cause trademark malady side effects 4. The microorganism ought to be re-disengaged from the trial creature, and it ought to have indistinguishable attributes from the first microorganisms Ignaz Semmelweis e executed that if specialists wash their hands they would diminish spreading germs Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Father of present day medical procedure Became mindful of Louis Pasteur’s work (decaying and aging) Applied clean (carbolic corrosive) treatment for avoidance and care of would contamination Introduced the system of sanitization of working rooms Edward Jenn er Performed the principal inoculation against little pox Chemotherapy (treatment of infection by utilizing concoction substances) the primary anti-toxin was found coincidentally was penicillin Alexander Fleming-1928 found penicillin Produced by shape: Penicillin Crysogenum Business creation began in 1945 in the US Problems with Antibiotics Can be harmful to people Spread of new assortments of safe microorganisms Development of strategies that encouraged further advancement of microbiology Pure societies (clone) is a culture comprising of just one kind of microorganisms Use of Petri dishes Aseptic procedures Bacteria as unmistakable species Development of microbiology in the twentieth century Bacteriology investigation of microscopic organisms. Mycology investigation of parasites. Contagious contaminations rising Parasitology investigation of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology investigation of invulnerability. Virology investigation of infections. Can't be seen by a magnifying instrument, you need an electro magnifying lens (Dimitri Iwanowski, provided details regarding the nearness of irresistible operators a lot littler than microorganisms. He found the tobacco mosaic infection) Recombinant DNA innovation sections of remote DNA can be fused into bacterial genome The Establishment of the Scientific Method Scientific strategy dependent on a test framework It incorporates: 1. Perception and portrayal a marvel 2. Define a speculation to clarify the marvels 3. Execution of test tests (to affirm speculation) If upheld theory becomes hypothesis Joseph Lister He was conceived in 1827 in Upton, England Attended London and Edinburgh Universites Joseph Lister was instructed in Edinburgh. Edinburgh is situated in Scotland is an autonomous state Scotland is a piece of Great Britain Scotland is an area in France Scotland is a piece of Canada Why Chemistry? Microscopic organisms subcellular structures complex particles basic atoms iotas Atoms Building squares of particles Subatomic particles Shell Electrons pivot about the core in their orbitals Nucleus Protons Neutrons Atoms don't convey charge Electron Orbitals and Shells Electrons turn around the core in orbitals (pathways) Low level vitality electrons Nearest to the core first shell-1 circles (2e) second shell-4 orbitals (up to 8 e) third shell-9 orbitals (up to 18e) Elements Each component contains trademark number of protons and electrons-position in the table There are 118 known components Elements in gatherings of comparative properties Biologically significant particles 11 components are of natural significance The Fathers of the Periodic Talbe Dmitri Mendeleev Lothar Meyer Isotopes Have an alternate number of neutrons; same physical properties Some isotopes have flimsy cores radiate vitality radioactivity Significance in Biology Following particles and atoms in metabolic responses Diagnostic purposes Sterilization (gamma illumination) Video Notes: Charges of protons and electrons are equivalent in size Isotopes are indistinguishable from one another yet here and there change in properties Carbon 12 and 13 are steady Carbon 11, 14, 15 are not Radiactivity Henri Becquerel-strange beams * Molecules at least two iotas consolidated structure an atom another compound has new attributes Compounds are shaped when iotas are, give or lose electrons Number of electron in external shell-valence Determines the availability of a component to respond with other component How the iotas tie together? Through the synthetic bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds Covalent Bonds between iotas that share Electrons are not shared similarly change of extremity Hydrogen atom H2 Water particle is polar Ionic Bonds Electrons are moved starting with one molecules then onto the next When valences supplement each other Ex-NaCl (table salt) 7 isn't steady Ionization Dissociation of particles (iotas) into charge particles: Cations (+) Anions (- ) When added to water, precious stones of NaCl get ionized-Na+ Cl-Electrolytes-lead power: acids, bases, salts When two terminals are assembled Every particle becomes hydrated-encircled by water atoms Hydrophilic atoms draws in water Hydrophobic particles repulse water (benzene-a non-polar atom) Hydrogen Bonds Attractive powers between close by atoms Ex. Water particles; proteins and DNA Represented with dabbed line Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-losing electron Reduction-getting electrons Chemical recipes Atomic images and number of iotas in an atom: H2O Do not give data on position of bonds between molecules C6H12O6 glucose and fructose Reactions Synthesis response Equation must be adjusted Decomposition responses Bigger atom is separated in two littler units 2H2+Ox 2H2O Solutions Mixture of substances solute-(strong, vaporous, fluid) in the dissolvable (fluid) Water is the most widely recognized dissolvable * Acidity, Alkalinity, pH * Solutions can be acidic or fundamental H2H+ + OH-ionization of water H+H+ + OH-access of H+ acidic pH pH=_log [H+] pH1 =0. 1 mole H=/liter ph 2+0. 01 mole H+/liter Inorganic and Organic Compounds can be: Inorganic ( don't have C and H joined) NaCl, CaCO3†¦ Organic (CH4)- complex mixes with C boned to different iotas The Chemistry of Carbon is the essential component of life-Why? Atomic skeleton Ha

Chinas arms export to the developing countries in Asia Essay

Chinas arms fare to the creating nations in Asia - Essay Example With regards to the unexpected increment in China’s arm sends out in the most recent decade, two things merit referencing. To begin with, the expansion is essentially because of an unexpected ascent in volume of arms bought by Pakistan over the most recent couple of years, wherein it represents more than 50 % of arms sent out by China over the most recent five years (Holtom, Bromley, Wezeman and Wezeman, 2013). China has traded battle airplanes in enormous numbers to Pakistan, while there are pending requests for frigates and submarines. Other than Pakistan, a portion of the ongoing arms manages different nations, for example, Venezuela, Morocco and Algeria, show that China is quickly transforming into an incredible arms seller (Klare, 2013). Second, right now many research papers have concentrated on China’s improvement of cutting edge weapon innovations; in any case, these propelled types of arms are not effective as the customary ones inside the worldwide market. Thi s is essentially on the grounds that primary merchants of Chinese arms are the nations that target purchasing less expensive and less propelled weapons, despite the fact that China may have further developed frameworks in offer. As, reports show that China trades a greater amount of F-7.2, which are innovatively less progressed than the J-10 and J-11 models of military aircraft (Holtom, Bromley, Wezeman and Wezeman, 2013). In this way, it is obvious that while China picked up noteworthiness as a worldwide player inside the arms trade advertise, its purchasers are for the most part from the creating countries. Somewhere in the range of 2006 and 2009, (Grimmett, 2011).

Class of 2009 note #1

Class of 2009 note #1 While we are still waiting to hear from everyone, and hence it is too early to know anything about the waitlist, the Next Big Mailing (NBM) is on its way to those who replied to us before the deadline. One of the coolest parts of the NBM is the Athena Account Coupon. The coupon will allow you to get yourself a Kerberos Identity/Athena username. What will this mean for you? Well, youll have an MIT email address, MIT web space (currently 1 GB), ability to access MIT-only secure web pages, and, of course, you add me to your list of friends on Thefacebook ;) Your important task is to choose a username for yourself. Yes, MIT believes in letting you choose your own email address (you can laugh at your friends at schools where their email address is some garbled mess of intials and numbers). It must be between 3-8 characters, and it must be unique. Theres no comprehensive check you can do to see what is taken, but you should check the MIT directory to get a preliminary idea. If your first name or last name is uncommon and 8 letters or fewer, thats often a good choice, as those addresses are professional and easy to remember. You can try your initials, or first intial-last name. You can spell your name backwards, or use a nickname. You can even name yourself after your favorite rock album (like one of my friends did) or an adjective that describes your personality (another friend). The important thing to remember is that you cannot change your username. So if youre planning to go with something wacky, check with your friends to ensure it is truly a good idea. Back in the fall of 1996 (we had to wait until we were on campus to get our usernames back in those days), I chose madmatt as my username. It was a high school nickname given to me by my boss, and I thought it gave my username a little character. madmatt served me well, and many people still refer to me by my username. However, when I started to apply for jobs, I made myself a list, mcgann, with madmatt as the only member of that list (essentially, a second email list for myself). I continue to use that email list professionally (if you get an email from me, the return address will be mcgann), but deep down, Ill always be madmatt. MIT students/alums: any advice for choosing usernames? Any funny stories about others usernames? Class of 09 members: how will you choose your username?

Adolescent Interview Essay - 1282 Words

Adolescent Interview Teenage years can be a challenging time for many individuals. Beginning at the age of 11 through 20, adolescence is defined as a â€Å"transitional period in the human life span, linking childhood and adulthood† (Santrock 2009). At this point, the person is no longer a child, but not yet an adult. This makes it a very critical and sensitive time frame for identity formation. According to Erik Erikson, adolescence is marked by the child’s questioning his or her identity during what he refers to as the identity versus identity confusion developmental stage. During this phase, the adolescent becomes mindful of his or her identity and seeks his or her purpose in life, as well as the answer to the eternal question, â€Å"who†¦show more content†¦They are all currently freshmen at Warren Township High School. Some of the subjects they are studying include biology, English, geometry, history, and health. Although at times they are overwhel med with the amount of homework from each class, they are still able to keep up and maintain above average grades. All of their peers, including those with the same age in their neighborhood currently go to school. After high school, they all plan on going to college and major in nursing, much like their mothers, father and older siblings. Based on their responses, their current identity status is that of foreclosure. This is because their mother, father and other siblings are nurses, and so they feel compelled or pressured to continue the nursing tradition in their families. They all admitted to not have experienced a crisis yet, nor being in the midst of one. The five teenagers that I interviewed do not currently work. Their main focus is school, as it should be. However, they stated that if given the opportunity, they would like to take up a job so that they could start saving money for themselves and to help out their families with their expenses. They do not seem to ha ve too many responsibilities given to them by their parents, aside from doing household chores and maintaining decent grades in school. Even though their parents allowed them with some autonomy, they do not take this for granted. They still obtain permissionShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Interview Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Maria Alvarez TUES-THURS 10:30-11:50AM May 8, 2014 Adolescent Interview When picking my adolescent I had quite a few choices to pick from but I decided on my adolescent 15 year old sister since I know a lot about her and have seen first-hand how she is coping with this adolescent stage. Patricia is a normal 15 year old girl still in high school. She lives in a household of 7 with 3 older siblings and one younger one. She mentioned that she lived in a small home with three dogs, two fish, aRead MoreBshs 395 The interview process Essay week 2825 Words   |  4 PagesThe Interview Process Lolita Kyser BSHS/395 March 26th, 2013 Instructor Michael Moore The Interview Process The purpose of this essay is to explain the assessment interview process. This essay will feature an imaginary interview involving the client and helping process. The significance of the interview process initiates effective case management and entails direction of the clients goals (Kyser, 2014). Alyssa is a teenage adolescent girlRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder : A Psychological Study884 Words   |  4 PagesLatinx immigrant adolescents experienced a traumatic event. On the other hand, Kessler et al., 1995 and Copeland et al., 2007, studies done primarily on non-Hispanic whites in the United States, report 51% of women, 61 % of men, and 68% of adolescents in the U.S. have experienced a potentially traumatic event during their lifetimes. Yet, Latinx immigrants who face traumatic events are significantly more likely to develop post traumatic stress disorder (21% of adults and 9% of adolescents) compared toRead MoreTHE ESSAY FOR EVALUATING RESOURCES ON THE WEB1268 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿THE ESSAY FOR EVALUATING RESOURCES ON THE WEB Introduction: It is obviously that everyone wants to get a dream job. A good CV (Curriculum vitae) and a successful job interview are what you need to make that dream come true. But it seems that job interview is really the biggest challenge to most of applicants. Even if you have a perfect CV but you do not prepare well for your interview, you will lose your chance. So how can you have the best preparation for a job interview? Thanks to the developmentRead MoreNew York : Meredith Books1185 Words   |  5 Pagesdetail school-and home –based strategies for preventing cyberbullying and healing those affected by the phenomenon. 3. Subrahmanyam, Kaveri, and Patricia Greenfield. â€Å"Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships†.The Future of Children 18.1 (2008): 119–146. The purpose of this article is to examine adolescents’ relationship with friend, romance partners, strangers, and their family in the context of their online communication activities. 4. Hinduja, SK, Patchin, JW (2014). Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard:Read MoreApplying Plain Packaging On Cigarette Cases Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pageswithin how uninformed the general populous is. The lobbyist essentially claims that the plain packaging policy has no proof of being an effective method of diminishing the number of smokers. Though the lobbyist asserts that it is invalid, this research essay will introduce compelling evidence and experimental data that suggests that the notion behind the plain packaging policy is actually an efficient method for minimizing the popularity of smoking. This paper will also look at opposing points of viewsRead MoreExamine and Assess the Influence of Other People on Human Behaviour and Performance.1704 Words   |  7 PagesOption B essay question Examine and assess the influence of other people on human behaviour and performance. This essay will examine and assess the influence of other people on human behaviour and performance, starting with Adorno et al (1950)s large-scale study on the authoritarian personality with its focus on the parental and family influence as well as alternative explanations, including evidence that multiple factors influence the formation of authoritarianism. It will then go onRead MoreEssay On Body Image In The Media1460 Words   |  6 Pagessinger Adele. She has talked about her curves in an interview with Australia s 60 minutes stating It seemed to astound people that I was plus size and successful. (Peterson). Adele proceeds to go on about how during the time of her success, she was constantly asked questions about her body and her weight. (Peterson). She proceeds by stating It s a little bit annoying that men don t get asked that question as much. (Peterson.) This interview from a known-famous singer portrays the realizationRead MoreCompare and Contrast Analysis1650 Words   |   7 Pageshave examined the concept of collectivism and individualism. People form individualistic cultures tend to view themselves as unique entities and independent form one another (Coon Kemmelmeier, 348) The current essay is a compare and contrast analysis of two persons whom the author interviews. Two individuals included in this study were my friends. Both are my college friends and belong to Korea. The girl is Jain Lee and she is studying at college with me. The name of the boy is Hyunbo Park and heRead More Technology’s Detrimental Effects on Communication1292 Words   |  6 Pagesability of today’s generation to read body language, facial expressions, and to clearly vocalize what is important to them. Technology has changed drastically in the past 50 years, and continues to grow and morph every day. Today’s youth and adolescents are seen with their heads down, texting on their cell phones, instead of looking up and conversing with the people around them. While individually, each of the components of a social networking website may seem useful and necessary, the sum of them

Basic Models Of Word Retrieval - 1222 Words

during treatment caused in the capability to perform parallel semantic judgments on original semantic tasks. Theoretical models of naming Why does training more complex, atypical category items result in generalization to typical items, while the reverse training procedure which is training less complex an typical items does not affect production of atypical items?. To clarify the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of typicality treatment, it is useful to concisely review theoretical models of word retrieval. Majority theoretical models of naming agree that lexical access can be generally divided into two processes, specifically, semantic and phonological processes. These models, on the other hand fall along a range when addressing the details concerning to the relative timing of lexical access. One observation of naming suggests two chronological components to lexical access, namely lexical selection followed by phonological encoding (Butterworth, 1989, 1992; Levelt, 1989; Levelt, Roelofs,Meyer, 1999). A different observation of naming conjectures that lexical access can have two levels but not certainly two s tages (Dell, 1986; Humphreys, Riddoch, Quinlan, 1988). Hence, activation of a word during naming consists of at least two closely interacting levels which are activation of the semantic representation as well as activation of the phonological form of the target word. Some views also assume that perhaps an intermediate is activated, namely, lexeme level.Show MoreRelatedComputers And Conscious Problem Solving Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesstorage, and retrieval of information. I. Memory Models a. Information-processing models are analogies that compare human memory to a computer’s operations. b. To remember any event, we must: -get information into our brain, encoding - retain that information, storage - later get the information back out, retrieval c. Encoding- The processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. d. Storage- The process of retaining encoded information over time. e. Retrieval- The processRead MoreAnalysis of Database Management and Information Retrieval Systems1102 Words   |  5 Pages1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (IRS) DBMS offer advance Data Modelling Facility (DMF) including Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language for modelling and manipulating data. IRS do not offer an advance DMF. Usually data modelling in IRS is restricted to classification of objects. Data Definition Language of DBMS is the capability to define the data integrity constraintsRead MoreUse Of Psychology And Counseling Centre1467 Words   |  6 Pagessuperior to that in read condition. Using a repeated measures design, subjects were exposed to 2 levels (conditions, namely, read condition and generate condition). After each condition, they were engaged in a simple recall task, remembering as many words as they could. This phenomenon is applied even across variations in encoding rules, timed or self-placed presentation and along with between and within subjects design. A number of potential explanatory principles are considered and their difficultiesRead MoreCognition And Teaching L2 And L21161 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching L1 and L2 Composition Academic writing is believed to be cognitively complex. Cognitive models have tended to define students’ writing in terms of problem-solving (cf. McCutchen, Teske, Bankston, 2008), and problem-solving has been conceptualized in terms of information processing. The contemporary cognitive process in composition is heavily influenced by Flower and Hayes(1981)’s Cognitive Process Model, which advocates for the evaluation of text in terms of the underlying function with respectRead MoreModels Of Theories Of Memory1235 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate two models of theories of memory. This essay will evaluate two models of theories of memory. Memory can be defined as the persistence of learning over time via the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Encoding is the process of categorizing incoming information through conscious effortful processing, rehearsal, or unconscious automatic processing. The storage process involves the retention of encoded information over time. Lastly, retrieval is the process of getting informationRead MoreEssay about The Human Memory Model1732 Words   |  7 Pagesencoding stage, a storage process, and a retrieval process, the human memory also tends to forget quite a bit of information. Psychologists have many general principles to help us improve our memory and learning how the memory works will enable us to develop new ways to increase memory recall. One of the most significant models of memory was the Shiffrin model, also known as the Modal Model, which was the work of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968 (Mod al Model, n.d.). The study of the humanRead MoreSubjective Test Assessment Of Online Exams1474 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding and knowledge. This paper presents a survey on the effective techniques for subjective test assessment. In this, the answers are unstructured data which have to be evaluated. The evaluation is based on the semantic similarity between the model answer and the user answer. Different techniques are compared and a new approach is proposed to evaluate the subjective test assessment of text. Index terms: Subjective test assessment; Online examinations; Semantic Similarity; Evaluation. I. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreThe Effect Of Stimulating Brain Oscillations On Memory Performance1235 Words   |  5 Pagesfrequency and amplitude of oscillations to be alternated during stimulation, in a way that is less likely to entrain oscillations other than the intended frequency, making it a more specific technique to use (Herrmann, Rach, Neuling, Strà ¼ber, 2013). The basic assumption is that if oscillations are essential to a specific cognitive function, then using tACS to stimulate these oscillations should elicit that particular function (Sejnowski Paulsen, 2006). The current study will use tACS in order to monitorRead More The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the reliability of eye witness testimony (EWT) as he suggested that recall is subject to personal interpretation dependent on our learnt or cultural norms and values- the way we make sense of our world. In other words, we tend to see and in particular interpret and recall what we see according to what we expect and assume is normal in a given situation. Bartlett tested this theory using different stories to illustrate that memory is an active processRead MoreTraining Evaluation : Light Of Gagne s Model And Return On Investment816 Words   |  4 PagesTraining Evaluation in Light of Gagne’s Model and Return on Investment The mistakes and pain that arise from ignorance can never be overemphasized. Likewise, knowledge can never be overemphasized. Knowledge is power. As a result, education (formal or informal) is a potent catalyst that delivers knowledge and provokes world change; it can make individuals become cleaver devils, or agents of constructive change. Even basic education in reading and writing can bring about a world of positive changes

Acet Essy Free Essays

In order for the Committee on Admission and Aid to get to know you better, answer the question below in the form of an essay. â€Å"Are there any significant experiences you have had, or accomplishments you have realized that have helped to define you as a person? † â€Å"l love you, Lord, my strength. † In the course of my life, I have encountered several trials and several attainments, but despite all of those experiences; one unforgettable moment struck me the most. We will write a custom essay sample on Acet Essy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The car accident happened in a Sunday evening back in February of 2011. There was a strong hit at the right side of the back of our car which led the car to swerve to the feet, and collide on a passing Jeep. The sad thing about the incident was that the point of impact on my side was strong. I fell unconscious after my head hit the door and I didn’t know what happened next. I only felt that I was regaining consciousness when I was already in a tricycle with my dad. My vision wasn’t clear and I can feel something painful on my face; I was troubled and nervous about what was going on and what has happened. Vie come to understand it after I woke up in a hospital lying on a bed. I was very confused why I was laid on a bed, why my mom and relatives were around me. It turned out that I was the one they were fretting over. My mom told me about the accident while she was sobbing. My mind went blank; all I can think about was, â€Å"How? Why? Is this real? † I was transferred and referred to another hospital, then another until I had my operation. The doctors read all laboratory findings and tests and they told me that I was lucky enough that my left eye didn’t end up blind. I was seriously hurt physically and mentally. Knowing the bills for the operation, medicines, hospital was very grieving. My parent’s had to pay thousands of pesos Just because of what happened to me. They had to drive to and from one capital to another Just for check-ups. My conscience ate me, â€Å"Aka kaki eh! Gung Hindi aka undergrad’s, wall an sang epigraph Pasadena mega angular MO at serial MO! † I felt that I was held responsible that we were experiencing those hardships. It wasn’t easy for me to bear that thought, and then another thought entered my mind, â€Å"Piano gung sill Mommy, Daddy, bat mongo chapatti at pins nag undergrad’s? Slang pat nag nightcap at aka okay an okay? † I can’t even stand the thought of it ever happening. I said to myself that I was a hero for saving them; it was far okay for me to be the one who’s hurt and not them. I have come to realize and regret so many things in life that time; in the billions of people in the world, why me? Out of the many possible things that could have happened, why this? Why was the taxi driver so reckless and so stupid? Had I not lead a virtuous and faithful life to deserve this? Why? I felt so many regrets and blame. There were so many questions and realizations that passed through my mind. It wasn’t very easy for me to bear what I have gone through. It went to the point that I questioned God why did it happen. I experienced a lot of suffering and struggle when I was still in the hospital ND recovering at home. I missed almost the 4th quarter of my 1st year high school started the 4th Quarter at a very short time. In spite of the downfall I experienced; I clung on to the Lord and believed on myself on what the future I hold if I let it pass or let it be a chance for better progress. I believed that it was a test from God to see if I will fall down or stand up. I was sure that it was only the beginning of how life really was. â€Å"Challenges are what make life interesting and overcoming them is what makes life meaningful. † It reflected the life Vie gone through back then. This incident made e define myself as it allowed me put myself in others’ shoes. I saw my condition as a chance to reflect and see what was really going on. It defined me as a person in a way that I showed more importance for others than myself. My faith was more sincere and true. No matter what pint of depression, no matter what pint of loneliness you’re in, no matter how deep of trouble you are; God will always walk with you and will always be with you facing those difficulties. Guided by this vision and understanding, I was awarded a bronze medal in the Honors’ Assembly the following school year. Hoping that more of these will come and God will continue to bless and guide me. It was a Sunday evening in February 13 of 2011 that our family experienced a car accident, and I faced a tragic event in my life. It was the most depressing and fearful episode of my life I have ever experienced. Deep thoughts entered my mind, emotions and feelings Vie never felt before. Will I take it as an obstacle in my life or take it as an opportunity? I made a decision to take it as an opportunity and use it for my never ending success in the continuous days of my life. â€Å"Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future. † -John F. Kennedy How to cite Acet Essy, Papers

Tragic Fate Of Greek Heroes Essays - Ancient Greek Theatre, Oedipus

Tragic Fate Of Greek Heroes The Tragic Fate of Greek Heroes Jason Runyon History 300 The Tragic Fate of Greek Heroes The hero stands as an archetype of who we should be and who we wish to be. However, the hero has inherent flaws, which we do not wish to strive towards. In literature, these flaws are not used as examples of what we should be but rather as examples of what not to be. This is especially dominant in the Greek hero. The Greek hero battles fate with excessive pride and intelligence, yet follows his fate, making serious mistakes. The Greek hero is strong and mighty while his wit and intelligence are highly valued. In Greek tragedy, the hero struggles to avoid many flaws. Among these flaws are ambition, foolishness, stubbornness, and hubris, the excessive component of pride. He must overcome his predestined fate, which is futile to do. From the beginning of the tale, it is already clear that the hero will ultimately fail with the only way out being death. In Oedipus, the hero is confronted with a load of information about his family and gouges his eyes out. He tried to outwit his fate he h ad already lost and was sentenced to death. In Antigone, her act resulted in her death, but she had the consolation that the deities agreed with her. The Greek hero is so normal, that you can relate to him. He is usually a common human being with no extraordinary life. His story seems believable, even possible. We would have no hard time imagining the heros conflict as being ours. As in the case with Oedipus, you can understand how he feels it would be possible for his circumstances to be applied to our lives. Although the details may seem a little farfetched, it is not impossible that there is some truth to the story. Where Oedipus was strong and perhaps blind to many truths, Antigone was a fighter who yielded to the pressure of the truths and eventually killed herself. Oedipus was strong and ignorant, where Antigone was passionate and destroyed by the recognition of the truth. The Greek hero is more of a thinker than a violent individual. He tries to outwit everyone including his fate. He has a high level of hubris. This is exactly the cause of his death making his fight nearly pointless. Oedipus deals with the human struggle fo r knowledge, first for knowledge of the evil, but ultimately for self-knowledge. Despite the advice of others, Oedipus remains with his illusion, he must find the truth even if it will destroy him. Oedipus is a tragic hero according to Aristotles Conception in The Poetics. He is not the victim of fate expressed in the oracles. His tragedy results from within his character. He sees things only his way, and driven by his uncontrolled emotions, ends up dead. The tragic hero yearns to believe that there is purpose to his actions, yet many of his actions lead to pain and disaster. He evolves thinking about right and wrong or good and evil, believing that these come to him as divine revelations. Yet he often discovers that his morality produces immoral results, and his good is often evil. It is common to all characters in a tragic situation that they are confronted with a choice. Choice is at the heart of tragedy. This choice may be taken without much consideration, it may be taken deliberately but in ignorance of the whole truth (Oedipus) and it may also be taken because it is imperative (Antigone). Greek tragedy, then, is an expression of man realizing that his human standards have become questionable. Sophocles Antigone and Oedipus make a commentary upon the ideals of Greek humanism, specifically the individuals responsibility in society and morality. Both Antigone and Oedipus make several moral choices and suffer the consequences. In the case of Antigone, her choice to bury her brother is not a fatal mistake that results in her death. It is a brave act that upholds a moral right in the face of capricious human justice. She also distanced everyone who is close to her making it easier for her to go through her difficult experience. This is something noble. Likewise, Oedipus is

The Definition of Form in Art

The Definition of Form in Art The term form can mean several different things in art. Form is one of the seven elements of art and connotes a three-dimensional object in space. A  formal analysis of a work of art describes how the elements and principles of artwork together independent of their meaning and the feelings or thoughts they may evoke in the viewer. Finally,  form is also used to describe the physical nature of the artwork, as in metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc.​ When used in tandem with the word art as in art form, it can also mean a medium of artistic expression recognized as fine art or an unconventional medium done so well, adroitly, or creatively as to elevate it to the level of fine art. An Element of Art Form is one of the seven elements of art  which are the visual tools that an artist uses to compose a work of art. In addition, to form, they include line, shape, value, color, texture, and space.  As an Element of Art, form connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and height, versus shape, which is two-dimensional, or flat. A form is a shape in three dimensions, and, like shapes, can be geometric or organic. Geometric forms are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named, as in the basic geometric forms: sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and cylinder.  A circle becomes a sphere in three dimensions, a square becomes a cube, a triangle becomes a pyramid or cone. Geometric forms are most often found in architecture and the built environment, although you can also find them in the spheres of planets and bubbles, and in the crystalline pattern of snowflakes, for example. Organic forms are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical or easily measurable or named. They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure, etc., but can also be found in the bold and fanciful buildings of the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi (1852 to 1926) as well as in many sculptures. Form in Sculpture Form is most closely tied to sculpture, since it is a three-dimensional art and has traditionally consisted almost primarily of form, with color and texture being subordinate. Three-dimensional forms can be seen from more than one side. Traditionally forms could be viewed from all sides, called sculpture in-the-round, or in relief, those in which the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background, including bas-relief, haut-relief, and sunken-relief. Historically sculptures were made in the likeness of someone, to honor a hero or god. The twentieth century broadened the meaning of sculpture, though, heralding the concept of open and closed forms, and the meaning continues to expand today. Sculptures are no longer only representational, static, stationery, forms with a solid opaque mass that has been carved out of stone or modeled out of bronze. Sculpture today may be abstract, assembled from different objects, kinetic, change with time, or made out of unconventional materials like light or holograms, as in the work of renowned artist James Turrell. Sculptures may be characterized in relative terms as closed or open forms. A closed-form has a similar feeling to the traditional form of a solid opaque mass. Even if spaces exist within the form, they are contained and confined. A closed-form has an inward-directed focus on the form, itself, isolated from ambient space. An open form is transparent, revealing its structure, and therefore has a more fluid and dynamic relationship with the ambient space.  Negative space is a major component and activating force of an open form sculpture. Pablo Picasso (1881 to 1973), Alexander Calder (1898 to 1976), and Julio Gonzalez (1876 to 1942) are some artists who created open form sculptures, made from wire and other materials. Henry Moore (1898 to 1986), the great English artist who, along with his contemporary, Barbara Hepworth (1903 to 1975), were the two most important British sculptors in modern art, both revolutionized sculpture by being the first to pierce the form of their biomorphic (biolife, morphicform) sculptures. She did so in 1931, and he did in 1932, noting that â€Å"even space can have form† and that â€Å"a hole can have as much shape meaning as a solid mass.†Ã‚   Form in Drawing and Painting In drawing and painting, the illusion of three-dimensional form is conveyed through the use of lighting and shadows, and the rendering of value and tone. Shape is defined by the outer contour of an object, which is how we first perceive it and begin to make sense of it, but light, value, and shadow help to give an object form and context in space so that we can fully identify it. For example, assuming a single light source on a sphere, the highlight is where the light source hits directly; the mid-tone is the middle value on the sphere where the light does not hit directly; the core shadow is the area on the sphere that the light does not hit at all and is the darkest part of the sphere; the cast shadow is the area on surrounding surfaces that is blocked from the light by the object; reflected highlight is light that is reflected back up onto the object from the surrounding objects and surfaces. With these guidelines as to light and shading in mind, any simple shape can be drawn or painted to create the illusion of a three-dimensional form. The greater the contrast in value, the more pronounced the three-dimensional form becomes. Forms that are rendered with little variation in value appear flatter than those that are rendered with greater variation and contrast. Historically, painting has progressed from a flat representation of form and space to a three-dimensional representation of form and space, to abstraction. Egyptian painting was flat, with the human form presented frontally but with the head and feet in profile. The realistic illusion of form did not occur until the Renaissance along with the discovery of perspective. Baroque artists such as Caravaggio (1571 to 1610), explored the nature of space, light, and the three-dimensional experience of space further through the use of chiaroscuro, the strong contrast between light and dark. The portrayal of the human form became much more dynamic, with chiaroscuro and foreshortening giving the forms a sense of solidity and weight and creating a powerful sense of drama. Modernism freed artists to play with the form more abstractly. Artists such as Picasso, with the invention of Cubism, broke up the form to imply movement through space and time. Analyzing an Artwork When analyzing a work of art, a formal analysis is separate from that of its content or context. A formal analysis means applying the elements and principles of art to analyze the work visually. The formal analysis can reveal compositional decisions that help to reinforce content, the work’s essence, meaning, and the artist’s intent, as well as give clues as to historical context. For example, the feelings of mystery, awe, and transcendence that are evoked from some of the most enduring Renaissance masterpieces, such as the Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci, 1517), The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo, 1512),  the Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci, 1498) are distinct from the formal compositional elements and principles such as line, color, space, shape, contrast, emphasis, etc., the artist used to create the painting and that contribute to its meaning, effect, and timeless quality. Resources and Further Reading Form, Tate Museum, tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/formThe Art of Sculpture, Encyclopedia of Art, visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture.htmThe hole of life, Tate Museum, tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/hole-of-lifeBarbara Hepworth vs Henry Moore, CultureWhisper, https://www.culturewhisper.com/r/article/preview/3670Works of Antoni Gaudi, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/320Henry Moore Foundation, https://www.henry-moore.orgBarbara Hepworth, https://barbarahepworth.org.ukJames Turrell, http://jamesturrell.com Resources for Teachers The Elements of Art: Form, Grade Level: 3-4, National Gallery of Art, https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/lessons-activities/elements-of-art/form.htmlShape and Form in Art: Instructional Program for Grades K-4, Teacher’s Guide, http://gettingtoknow.com/wp-content/uploads/shapeinartTG.pdf

How to Start a Writing Group

How to Start a Writing Group How to Start a Writing Group How to Start a Writing Group By Mark Nichol This is the second post on our series about writing groups. The first one is 5 Reasons to Start a Writing Group. You’ve determined to seriously pursue a writing career, but you feel like you need support and feedback. Although you joined a couple of writing groups, you dropped out of each one because the fit just didn’t feel right. What do you do now? Start your own group, of course. 1. Compose How many members do you want? What level of experience should they have? Should all members be writing for the same market? It’s best to start small (up to half a dozen people), seek people with similar experience levels (writers with one or more published short stories, for example), and select others writing in the same genre or niche and working in the same form, whether short stories or novels as you are. The closer the skills and interests of group members, the more productive it will be. (But be flexible about demographic details such as gender and age.) 2. Propose Design a simple but informative flyer. Specify the details about ideal group composition you have decided on, pick a day and time for regular meetings (the most frequently recommended meeting duration is two hours), and provide contact information. Print copies and post them, but be discriminating: Target writer habitats such as bookstores (especially those that sell used books), cafes, and schools, and avoid blanketing general-purpose bulletin boards. 3. Screen Briefly interview people who contact you. Tell them you’ll check back after you’ve lined up the number of people you want to start with. Take notes and, immediately after the call or email exchange, evaluate them with a simple yes, maybe, or no and perhaps a couple of notes to remind you why you assigned that grade (â€Å"sincere asked about my writing†; â€Å"insecure? but good fit,† â€Å"arrogant†). If a â€Å"no† persists in trying to join, tell them, â€Å"I’m looking for people who aren’t yet quite at your level† or â€Å"I have the number I want, but I’ll keep you in mind if someone drops out.† 4. Form When you have enough â€Å"yes† candidates, consider adding a couple of strong â€Å"maybe† prospects in case one or two people drop out; if you have more defections later, you can always recruit others or disband and start again. If three of you work well together but don’t feel comfortable continuing with one or more of the others, break up the group and start over with that cooperative core. But take care to avoid acting like a clique, and be diplomatic. 5. Locate Choose a setting and stay with it. If you plan to host at your home, stick to that location rather than rotating among everyone’s domiciles. Better yet, meet at a local library (some have small meeting rooms available for just this type of purpose) or a community center, or a quiet cafe. 6. Schedule Contact and confirm your finalists, and if anyone backs out, keep recruiting from the â€Å"maybe† list or from new candidates. Set up the first meeting; if the day and time doesn’t work for someone, jot down their preference and bring it up when the rest of the group convenes for the first time. If the alternate day and time is equally convenient for everybody, consider switching for subsequent meetings. If not, wish the person good luck in finding a group that meets at a better time for them. 7. Assign Ask members to bring an excerpt from a current project something that will take five minutes or less to read so that others will have an immediate grasp of everyone’s skill and style. Next up: How to conduct writing groups. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withStory Writing 10150 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

The influence Julias Schulman had on the developement and perception Essay

The influence Julias Schulman had on the developement and perception of modern architecture - Essay Example Shulman who is perhaps best known for his work titled: â€Å"Case Study House #22, Los Angeles, 1960†, was born in October 10, 1910 in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish immigrants. At the age of ten, he moved with his family to a farm in California, where he developed a love of nature, something that would be reflected in most of his later on in his life. His compositions have been described as being highly seductive, and they have been hailed as being the ones that helped build the reputation of Los Angeles and Chicago as the preferred destination for people who wanted to reinvent themselves. According to Lubbell and Woods, Shulman’s works â€Å"demonstrate a profound sensitivity to and appreciation for the spaces in which people live†. Shulman was a visionary photographer who was able to see past the seeming lack of life in most of the modern buildings that came to exist in the 20th century. Many people in the photography world concur that Shulman almost single handedly was bale to transform architectural photography with his remarkable yet down to earth images that captured the attention of all and sundry. His images, as they are seen through his lens, offer visions of intrigue and beauty which can only be described as extraordinary. This is no mean achievement for a 20th century photographer. The advent of modern architecture was greeted by widespread pessimism from the general public. Architects found it hard to sell their designs since most people regarded modern buildings as a rebellion from the traditional highly ornate houses they were used to. Shulman’s photography was of much help to the careers of many young and established architects as it helped them get public recognition. Shulman’s photography was also very important in shaping public perception about modern architecture. Some of the buildings featured in Shulman’s works include: Keck and Keck’s Minsk house, 1955, the Burton Frank House, 1960, Harry Weese’s Modern house and studio, 1957, and other masterpiece buildings by the likes of Bertrand Goldberg, Edward Dart, Edward Hunrich, Ralph Rapson and Paul Schweikher (Shulman and Gossel, 1999). For more than 70 years, Shulman was able to document most of his work which featured some of the most magnificent architectural pieces o f the 20th century. Up until the time of his death on July the 15th 2009, Shulman’s work had been showcased not only all around the U.S., but also in many other cities across the world (Amelar, 2009). Shulman’s Work Many young architects actually owe their success to Julius Shulman. Most of the buildings he featured in his photography were built by young up coming architects. His photography was so good that after showcasing their work, most of thee individuals experienced unprecedented success in their work. Most of Shulman’s photography was done in black and white film. One could have expected his images to be dull due to lack of color. However, this was not the case. His architectural photographs were as real a they could be. He brought to life what many people thought to be dull architecture (Reed, 2009). He was able to open people’s eyes to the magnificence of the architecture that many had written off as being lacking in meaning. Shulman’s ca reer started by chance in 1936 when he was asked to take some shots of the Kun House in the Hollywood Hills which had just been completed by Richard Neutra. Immediately after seeing Shulman’s images, Neutra fell in love with his work and commissioned him to take and publish more shots. He also introduced the budding young photographer to other established and up coming

2 essay questions. (1) discusse fundamentalism in the U.S (2) does

2 questions. (1) discusse fundamentalism in the U.S (2) does Islamic fundamentalism have a global goal.Define, explain, and discuss - Essay Example Traditional theological principles valued the preservation of the past elements of life that the Christian believers upheld. This entailed the conservation of sacred beliefs and literature. This view was widely rejected by modernist theology that sought to improve the universal democracy and educational systems of the world. Generic fundamentalism attributes creation order as the source of varied culture and social patterns that assign different responsibilities and roles to various individuals in the community. Such responsibilities and roles may occur in every member of the community from state officials to clergy leaders. This offers a vivid dichotomy that helps to distinguish the roles expected from each individual and the state as a general. Historic fundamentalism provides insight to the religion practices that existed in the US in the early 20th century. As immigrant continued to occupy numerous parts of the United States, varied cultural practices and social changes emanated. The societal changes and cultural variations propelled the historic fundamentalism to use all means ranging from intellect to legislature and courts to protect their historical views. The historical fundamentalism spread Christianity after the Second World Warafter surviving the arduous era between the world war one and world war two. Islamic fundamentalism will entail the Islamic movement that adheres to principles and guidelines as stipulated in the holy book of Quran. The religious movement has global goals that depending to the interpretation one holds to the term, may lead to numerous global goals. Non-Muslim communities especially the West usually confuses the term Islamic fundamentalism to refer to an Islamic extremist who carry out terrorism. According to the Westerners view, the Islamic fundamentalism upholds doctrines and beliefs that augment their desire to carry out terrorism. Most non-Muslims view terrorism as a global goal among the

Development of Organizational Architecture

Development of Organizational Architecture Venter and Louw (2006, pg 394) describes organizational architecture is an integrated strategic response, which draws together key dimensions of the organization (such as organizational structure, leadership, organizational culture, policies and strategies and the to guide strategic formulation, alignment and implementation. This report will seek to critically discuss organizational architecture as a cohesive framework that will bring about change within PPC. Venter and Louw (2006, pg 394) says that the ability of an organization to facilitate the effective and efficient implementation of strategy is almost entirely dependent on its internal functioning, for it is the internal organization which is seen to comprise those elements that are pivotal in translating the strategy into tangible outcomes and actions. We will do this by exploring the notions of PPCs alignment and implementation with particular reference to the architecture developed by Lee et al (2004). Stakeholders The main driver of PPC strategy as described in the case study is to enhance stakeholders relationships. PPC Stakeholders are shareholders, customers suppliers, the broader community and its employees. These different employees are affected differently by PPC strategy. During the strategy formulation phase, PPC was able to establish that the main hindrance to achieving consistency was that their 4000 employees were demotivated. So PPC embarked on a strategy to motivate its employees. Cameron (2003) defines motivation as the force that drives behaviour in a particular direction. Mitchell (1982) defines motivation as those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented. Both Cameron and Mitchell point out that motivation is goal oriented however Mitchell (1982) further defines this force as a psychological processes in his definition of motivation. This distinction by Mitchell is important in that it realizes motivation as a process (i.e. consisting of a number of steps) and psychological. This distinction reveals that for a manager to be able to motivate he has to identify the psychological needs of his employees and then devise a process of meeting those needs. PPC was able to identify that motivation of employees was one of the factors that it needed to improve in order to improve its goals. So it looked at how this can be achieved. Capabilities Louw and Venter (2006) describe capabilities as those different deliverables provided to the stakeholders by the organization and dependent on the nature of the organization. From the case study PPC seems to be following a low cost structure for its cement business and a differentiation strategy for its PPC Lime and Afripack business. These different capabilities have implications on PPC stakeholders. For example, for shareholders, the low cost strategy has high returns through streamlined, more cost effective operations and proved by the increase in share price from R78 to R122 by the end of September 2003. So the above combination of strategies has the benefit of drawing elements from both capabilities. Processes Processes can be seen as drivers of capability. Veasey (2001, pg 423) cited on Louw and Venter (2006) categorizes processes as management, operational and support. Management Processes: Describes the role of PPC managers, their work methods, goals and tasks that they aim to achieve and lastly knowledge, skills and level of performance required by the job. The Kumbuku project seemed to be aimed at reducing the performance as the responsibility of only the managers but to spread it amongst all employees. Operational Processes: This is merely concerned with the conversion of inputs into outputs. Heizer and Render (1999, pg 228) cited on Louw and Venter says most goods are produced using one of three strategies, namely, process focus, repetitive process and product focus. PPC produces many units of cement a year with very low degree of variety, so it follows the continuous process. Support processes: These are the processes that support the core business e.g., HR, marketing, sales. These processes are still very important in ensuring efficient and effective running of the business. Organisational structure/systems The main purpose of an organizational structure is to clear and precise roles and responsibilities for all employees as per their department and hierarchy in the structure. This ensures order and maintains a systematic procedure of doing things, which ensures performance and efficiency. At PPC, the strategy is aimed at flattening the structure and shortens the decision making hierarchy. This in turn can improve efficiency and motivate employees. Systems, Policies and procedure Policies and procedures are useful in guiding and aligning the organizations members in their activities and their behaviors at work. Reward Systems. Performance management systems Performance management includes activities that ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. These could include: Ongoing observation and measurements to track performance conducted by supervisor. Ongoing feedback about the performance to be given. Quarterly formal performance reviews. This could entails a formal documentation of the progress towards achieving expected results, comments on how these were achieved and suggestions on how to improve performance. If performance meets the desired performance standards, rewards should be given. Policies and procedures Knowledge, skills and abilities With the Kumbuku project, one of the main aims of the project is to achieve a good match between the requirements of the job and natural capabilities of individual employees. This could also have the impact of motivating the employees and lead to job satisfaction and loyalty. Technology Technology is the key to implementation of processes that lead to outputs at PPC. PPC has evaluated its manufacturing technologies and is similar to the best in the industry. However it also must ensure that its office technologies and service technologies are also of a benchmark standard. For PPC this has meant a big investment in order to achieve highly skilled employees. Organisational culture Collins and Porras (1994 in Clegg et al 1996) showed that it is strikingly evident that organizational culture lies at the centre of what differentiates visionary companies from comparison companies (and significantly greater economic performance over the long-term). Culture, how we do things around here in order to succeed (Schneider, 1994, 1997), is an organizations way, identity, pattern of dynamic relationships, reality. Nel et al (2001, p.397) on Harris and Moran (1979, p.32) describes culture as a communicable knowledge for human coping within a particular environment that is passed on for the benefit of subsequent generations, whilst Wilson and Rosenfeld (1990, p.229) defines culture as the basic values, ideologies and assumptions which guide and fashion individual and business behavior. The above definitions both speak to me about the communicable knowledge which Wilson and Rosenfeld explains it to be basic values, ideologies and assumptions. Stapleton (2003) on Trice and Beyer (1984) identifies 4 symbol categories in which this communicable knowledge manifests itself namely; practices, communications, physical forms and common language. These categories are best summarized to prove Deal and Kennedy (1982) definition of the way things get done around here. The way things get done around here can be seen through these 4 categories. Practices This refers to common practices at PPC e.g. Awards etc. Communications Common stories that are generally heard at PPC. Physical forms Some of the notable physical forms could be for example different dress manner between operators and professionals. Other examples include allocated parking spaces and offices. Common Language Refers to the common language during meetings, notice boards, procedure and policies. QUESTION 2 Employees are at the center of organizational change initiatives (Tetenbaum 1998).For PPCs Kumbuku project to be successful, employees need to be able to realize that a good organizational culture and climate would as McNabb and Sepic (1995) says bring about lasting change though the developing of working conditions in which employees can operate more effectively. Should the reason for change be not understood, the following sources of resistance to change could be experienced: Resistance due to organizational culture: Some of the difficulties with change initiatives may be attributed to deeper, more critical sources, such as the pervasive culture of the organization and the operating climate (McNabb and Sepic 1995). An organizations culture is the deep-rooted set of values and beliefs that provide norms for behavior (Deshpande and Webster 1989; Schein 1992). An organizations climate refers to the ways organizations operationalize routine behaviors and the actions that are expected, supported, and rewarded (Schneider and Rentsch 1988). These two characteristics combine to determine organizational readiness for change (McNabb and Sepic 1995). Resistance due to a lack of a holistic perspective: Another long-known reason for lack of change success is the propensity for organizations to implement piece-meal solutions rather than taking a systems perspective (Ackoff 1974). Stakeholders may be resistance to the Kumbuku project due to the fact that they might not have a clear understanding of the direction and holistic implication of the strategy the company is pursuing. Resistance by managers: People have a natural fear of change and when change is mandated they feel a loss of control (Evans 2001). For many people in an organization, change initiatives imply a loss of the security that goes with a specific job. Senge and Kaeufer (2000) note that change efforts can induce fear. The management team at PPC could be threatened by the introduction the allowance of employees in decision making processes. They might feel redundant and not adding value. Also the change in the PPC management structure putting management at the bottom might result in demotivated management team who does not take pride in its role. Resistance by white employees and managers: The fast promotion of black employees could be resisted by white employees, who might feel unfairly discriminated and not valued. Existing white managers might also feel unsecured and can also undermine the newly appointed black managers, who they might not attribute their promotion to good performance. Resistance due to poor communication: Should the Kambuku project not be properly communicated to relevant stakeholders, it could result in poor buy in and failure in implementation. Dawson (1994) discusses the idea of communication and employee involvement being central to the process of change as a crucial consideration in overcoming the natural resistance that most employees feel. QUESTION 3 Johnson (1988) cited on Signal-Horn (2004), defines strategic drift as when gradually, perhaps imperceptibly; the strategy of the company will become less and less in line with the environment in which the organization operates. This definition is the same as that of Charles Handy (1989) which describes strategic drift as the subtle changes of the organisations strategy that leads the organization away from its intended destination to a destination that is unintended. This means that an organization must continuously review its environment and change its strategy in relation to the change in environment as has PPC in the past five years. The organizations response to the changing environment is often associated with its culture. Culture in this instance is seen as a contributor to resisting change (keeping the organization in equilibrium as suggested by Lewin force field model) as it stifles innovation and performance, leading to a drift in strategy. This means that for organization to properly implement change they must undergo an appropriate cultural change. For PPC, it might take many more years for it to start experiencing strategic drift but it is important for PPC Chief Executive to look out for the symptoms of strategic drift which could include: Declining performance. Highly homogenous culture. Little toleration for questioning and challenging of status quo. Reliance on price/cost /competition. Strong power blockages to change. When some of the above mentioned symptoms are identifies Lewin three stage process of change could be used as interventions to prevent the danger of strategic drift: Unfreezing current attitudes This means that old behaviours and ways of doing things must be seen to be unsatisfactory by the organisation and changed and prohibited. Also the need and the benefits for change must be well communicated. Those resisting change must be confronted and addressed. This could be done by involving them to participate and communicating the value of change. Change to a new level This is a period of shifting the equilibrium. Here PPC could embark on a search for new solutions which could include information on new values, organisational culture and structure. Refreezing attitudes at the new level When the organisation has found a solution, it can embark on reinforcing and supporting the new strategy through it structure, policies and systems. REFERENCES Kreitner, R. and Kinicki, A. (2004) Organisational Behavior. New York, McGraw-Hill Nel, P.S., Gerber, P.D., van Dyk, P.S., Haasbroek, G.D., Schultz, H.B., Sono, T., Werner, A. (2001) Human Resource Management. 5th edition. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Stapleton T (2003) The Context of Management -Sessions 1-7.OU Business School. Wilson, D.C. and Rosenfeld, R.H. (1990) Managing Organisations: Texts, readings and cases, New York, McGraw-Hill. Cameron, S. The Open University (2008). B713 Fundamentals of Senior Management, Block1; Session 14 page 125. Mitchell, T.R. (1982) Motivation: New Direction for Theory, Research and Practice, Academy of Management Review, pg 81. Clegg et al. Palmer, G. ed. 1996. The Politics of Management Knowledge London. Sage Publications. Schneider, B. Leadership at the Edge of Chaos. Strategy Leadership Magazine, Sept. 1997. Dawson, P. (1994). Organisational Change A Processual Approach Newcastle upon Tyne. Athenaeum Press Ltd. K. G. Lockyer, (2005), Project management and project network techniques, UK: Prentice Hall Financial Times Ackoff, R.A. (1974), Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems, New York: Wiley. Evans, Edward A. (2001), Executive Commentary, Academy of Management Executive, 15, 4 (November), 94-95. Schein, E.A. (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2d edition, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schneider, Benjamin, and J. Rentsch (1988), Managing Climates and Cultures: A Futures Perspective, in Futures of Organizations, J. Hage, ed., Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 181-200. Senge, Peter M., and Katrin H. Kaeufer (2000), Creating Change, Executive Excellence, 17, 10 (October), 4-5. Signal-Horn, S. (2004) The Strategy Reader. 2nd Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing in association with The Open University. Tetenbaum, T.J. (1998), Shifting Paradigms: From Newton to Chaos, Organization Dynamics, 26 (4), 21-32. http://www.divandari.com/ppt/Strategic%20Change%20(handout).ppt#288,8,The risk of strategic drift accessed on the 11 October 2009. Kritsonis, A. (2004-2005), Comparison of Change Theories. International Journal of Scholarly academic intellectual diversity. Volume 8 Number 1. Lee, G., Venter, R and Bates, B. (2004), Enterprise-based HIV/AIDS strategies: integration through organizational architecture. South African Journal of Business Management, 35 (3): pg 13-22.

Humanities: Arts Essay

With the advent of the computer age, advanced science and technology have overwhelmed many aspects of our lives, and even our possibilities of survival are affected. The humanities can provide enjoyment and stimulation, especially when we try to understand what it covers. The Meaning, Importance, and Scope of humanities The word humanities come from the Latin humanus, which means human, cultured, and refined. To be human is to have or show qualities like rationality, kindness, and tenderness. Humanities refers to the arts – the visual arts such as architecture; painting and sculpture; music; dance; the theater or drama; and literature. They are branches of learning concerned with human thought, feelings, and relations. The importance of the human being and his/her feelings and how these are expressed have always been the concern of the humanities. Art is very important in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man. Wherever people have lived together, art has sprung up among them as a language charge with feeling and significance. The desire to create this language appears to be universal. As a cultural force, it is pervasive and potent. Art, like love it is not easy to define. It concerns itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous medium – color, sound, bronze, marble, words, and film. This medium is fashioned into a symbolic language marked by beauty of design and coherence of form. It appeals to our mind, arouses our emotions, kindles our imagination, and enchants our senses. (Machils, 1963). In every age or country, there is always art. Wherever we go, wherever it is a city or a province, here or abroad, we surely have to pass buildings of various sorts – houses, schools, churches, stores, etc. The art that we perceive through our eyes is called the visual art and architecture is one part of it. A visual art involve not only painting and sculpture but includes such things as clothes, household appliances, and the furnishings of our homes, schools, churches, and other buildings. Through the ideas selected by painters and sculptors and the forms they create, they express the ideals, the hopes, and the fears of the times in which they live. The aesthetic aspects of any work – a painting, song, story, dance, or play – are what make it art. Aesthetic refers to the forms and psychological effects of arts. Another form of the more important arts is music. This is the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions, expressing various ideas and emotions. Its primary function is to entertain. Music is one of the great arts of our civilization, along with literature, painting sculpture, architecture, and dance. Like the other arts, music deals with emotions. It’s being a â€Å"pure art† enables it to convey emotions with great intensity and can affect people directly. Great music specially radiates infectious joy. Many who are receptive to great music find it exhilarating. If we tune into a musical program on the radio, or sing a song with others, we are having contact with music. The song we sing may be a tune which is popular now but may possibly be forgotten later. It may be a selection which has been sung or played for several decades. Dance is another form of art that is common to many even during the earliest time. It is the most direct of the arts for it makes use of the human body as its medium. It springs from our love for expressive gestures, release of tension through rhythmic movement. Dance heightens the pleasure of being, and at the same time mirrors the life of society. The dance of the older times is different from that of the present time; the dance of the barrio folks is different from the dances in the city. Primitives and non-primitives dance. The Ifugaos dance to celebrate the victory of the warriors after fight with their enemies. Likewise, the Bagobos dance to show gratitude to the spirits â€Å"for success in war or domestic affair.† The Indians dance to give thanks for a harvest; the Mexicans dance to celebrate a religious festival; teenagers dance at parties; both young and old go to disco bars and children everywhere dance because it is pleasure to express happiness to bodily movements. In its expressive aspects, dance is uniquely able to intensify moods and emotions and to deepen and dignify the feelings of us all (Compton’s Encyclopedia, 1974). The area of the theater of drama is another important art. Dramatic activities are usually part of every school and community program. Classes dramatize the events they are studying; clubs or organizations and institutions stage plays. The play may be a comedy, tragedy, mystery, musical or melodrama. Essentially, the stage is a place for re-enacting the joys and problems of life, a place where the playwright strips life of nonessentials and deals with basic and important issues. The spectators get involved in these situations and thus gain greater insight into human motives and passions. The motion picture is a popular addition to the various forms of the theater. Through it, a great number of people are able to see dramatic performances every day. The radio makes available drama for the auditory sense of imagination. The television, too, brings the art of drama to many people. Theatrical productions, including motion pictures, and television, combine art forms. The play itself is a form of literature. Scenery and costumes provide the visual arts, and music may serve as a background to set the mood or to serve as part of the plot. The opera is a drama set to music. Thus, it is a form of the theater. In many musical shows, dancers are also important performers. The theater therefore, combines several of the arts. It is also necessary that we distinguish between art and nature for they are fundamentally different. We may be impressed by the majestic of the perfect cone of Mayon Volcano, the awesome beauty of Pagsanjan Falls or the sunset at Manila Bay and thus, react to the wonders of nature. No matter how close art is to nature, however, art always shows that it is man-made. It is an interpretation of the nature and of life. What the Arts have in common We have identified five areas of art: the visual arts, music, dance, literature and drama. But there is one thing that is common to them all. What relates a painting to a song, a play to a dance? The most basic relationship is that the arts are concerned with emotions, with our feelings about things. When a person sees a picture he thinks it is beautiful, or when she watches a play or dance performance, she thinks it is exciting, she feels that it is lovely or stirring. Her reaction is primarily emotional. People experience excitement, pleasure, anger, and all the other emotional states in a way which is very different from their intellectual responses. Emotions are part of our basic nature. An Artist An artist is a person who exhibits exceptional skills in design, drawing, painting, etc. or one who works in one of the performing arts, like an actor or a musician. Unlike other people, an artist is more sensitive and more creative. He possesses to an unusual degree the knack for stone, notes, or any of the other materials used by artists. He, thus, learns to project his creative impulse through the symbols of his art – a picture, a poem, or a piece of music according to his present inspiration and his training. His process of creation, however, differs from that of an amateur or beginner only in degree. There are two kinds of artists – creators and performers. A composer writes a song to be sung by talented singers. A dramatist or playwright writes a play to be staged by a company actor. A choreographer composes a ballet or dance sequence which will be performed by a troupe of dancers. Music, theater, and dance are performing arts. Besides the creator, they require other artist who recreates what has been composed. Thus, performers are important. Two great actors may play the same role in Florante at Laura yet give it vastly different interpretations; two dancers may dance the same ballet but render it quite differently. Thus, in performing arts, the ideas and the interpretations of the performer are added to the original ideas of the creator. This dual contribution gives added richness and meaning to these fields of the arts. It makes them different from painting, for example, in the way by which the creative artists communicate directly with the observer. The work of the creative artist Creativity is an artist’s trait developed in the course of her life to solve problems or express her feelings. Her continuing reaction to emerging conditions of nature and social life gives birth to new ideas and new methods. These in turn, she uses to overcome difficulties which in the process of confrontation with reality give the solution to a vision, create art, or activate social transformation. The process of creation. Experts on the subject are one in their view that there are three major phases in the process of creation. First, the artist must have an idea; second, he must have a material to work on; and third, he must give form to his idea. The idea. Artist is highly sensitive persons especially aware of the things that surround them. They notice the sounds, colors, and movements of people and things. Art expression is based on the so-called higher senses of sight and sound, with the other senses playing more or less indirect roles. A particular experience may impress an artist so much that he decides to use it as the basis for a picture, a poem, a play or a dance. Depending on his cultural background, a painter may be attracted by anything. He paints a picture from a scene where most people do not think beauty existed. A novelist may write about the life and misfortunes of a woman whose husband, after failing to find a job, decides to go abroad and becomes unfaithful after a few years. The novelist would show us that the great social and economic problems of our times are essentially human problems and he would make us aware of the effects of advances in science and technology on human beings. A composer may write a musical fantasy in which the world of mystery and imagination explored. A dancer may do a dance on the pleasures and discomforts of growing up. As a basis for his dance movements, he might use the idealism of adolescence, the developing charm of boys and girls, their sensitivity, their awkwardness, and occasional loneliness. A study of arts is the study of humankind, for through the arts we can discover our major interests, feelings, and problems through the ages. Playwrights and novelists have always been concerned with the frailties of human being, with his hopes and fears, his courage and cowardice, his charity, and greed. Poets, with their artistry of statement, have given nobility and intensity to our human experiences. Through dance, the events of life are given symbolic and ceremonial form. The material and Process. The second phase of creation in art concerns the material which the artist uses to give form to his idea. A painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses stone, metal or wood; an architect, various building materials. An author uses words; a composer, musical sounds which are set down as notes. A choreographer uses people and their movements as the materials for his creations. The sculpture is something we can see or take in at a glance in it’s entirely, and so sculpture is an art of space. The hymn we hear takes a number of minutes to be sung or the entire composition to be played and so music is an art of time. Organization and Form. The third phase in creating is organizing the idea and giving it form in the selected materials. Popular song writers use the conventional 32-measure length. Poetry has a number of well-defined forms which are often used: the sonnet, the quatrain, the Spenserian stanza. Operas and plays are always divided into a number of acts. In several of the time arts, the works generally have a three-part structure: an introductory section which â€Å"sets the stage† for what follows; a middle section which develops the plot, the melody or the story; and a concluding section which is the final working out of the forces and ideas which the artist has set in motion. Style is a term which refers to the development of forms in art that are related to particular historical periods. Forms in the space arts are often symmetrically balanced in their design; that is, the two sides of the object are identical. Time has shown since that the severe criticisms were unjustified; and we often wonder how people of the past could have disliked some of the works of art we now admire. It is the responsibility of each one of us to be open-minded. The understanding of the great art of all periods is a key to the understanding of the human being. There is a need to associate with great people or artists through their work in order to enrich and ennoble our own lives.

Balanced Budget Amendment - Pros and Cons in Budgeting

The balanced budget amendment is a proposal introduced in Congress almost every two years, without success, that would limit the federal governments spending to no more than it generates in revenue from taxes in any fiscal year. While almost every state is prohibit from running deficits, federal lawmakers have never gotten  a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution signed by the president, and the government continues to run deficits in the hundreds of billions and trillions of dollars every year.   One of the milestones in the modern debate over the balanced budget amendment came in 1995, when the House of Representatives led by Speaker Newt Gingrich passed legislation that would have banned the federal government from running deficits as part of the Republican Partys Contract With America. It truly has been, I think, an historic moment for the country. We kept our promise. We worked hard. We produced a real change, Gingrich said at the time. But the victory was short-lived, and the balanced budget amendment championed by Gingrich and fiscal conservatives who had been swept into power was defeated  in the Senate by two votes. The same battle has been waged for decades and the concept is often raised during congressional and presidential campaigns because the notion of keep a balanced budget is popular among voters, particularly conservative Republicans.   What Is the Balanced Budget Amendment? Most years, the federal government spends more money than it takes in through taxes. That’s why there is a budget deficit. The government borrows the additional money it needs. That’s why the national  debt is near $20 trillion. The balanced budget amendment would prohibit the federal government from spending more than it takes in each year unless Congress specifically authorizes the additional spending through a three-fifths or two-thirds vote. It would require the president to submit a balanced budget each year. And it would allow Congress to waive the balanced budget requirement when there is a declaration of war. Amending the Constitution is more complicated than simply passing a law. Passing an amendment to the Constitution requires a two-thirds vote in each House. It is not submitted to the President for his signature. Instead, three-fourths of the state legislatures must approve it to be added to the Constitution. The only other way to amend the Constitution is to convene a Constitutional Convention at the request of two-thirds of the states. The convention method has never been used to amend the Constitution. Arguments for the Balanced Budget Amendment Advocates of a balanced budget amendment say  the federal government spends too much every year. They say that Congress has been unable to control spending without some kind of restraint and that, if spending is not controlled, our economy will suffer and our standard of living will drop. The federal government will continue to borrow until investors no longer will purchase bonds. The federal government will default and our economy will collapse. If Congress is required to balance the budget, it would figure out what programs are wasteful and would spend money more wisely, advocates say. â€Å"It’s simple math: The federal government should not be spending more taxpayer money that it brings in,† said Republican U.S. Sen. Grassley of Iowa, a longtime supporter of a balanced budget amendment.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Almost every state has adopted some form of a balanced budget requirement, and it’s past time that the federal government follows suit.† Republican U.S. Sen. Mike Lee of Utah, a cosponsor with Grassley on a balanced budget amendment, added: Hardworking Americans have been forced to bear the burden of Congress’ inability and unwillingness to control federal overspending. As our federal debt continues to rise at an alarming rate, the least we can do is require the federal government to not spend more money than it has at its disposal.† Arguments Against a Balanced Budget Amendment Those opposed to a constitutional amendment say that it is too simplistic. Even with the amendment, balancing the budget will have to be done each year by legislation. This would require Congress to coordinate a large number of pieces of legislation – twelve appropriation bills, tax legislation, and any supplemental appropriations to name just a few of them. To balance the budget right now, Congress would have to eliminate many programs. In addition, when there is an economic downturn, the amount of taxes the federal government takes in usually drops. Spending often must be increased during those times or the economy can get worse. Under the balanced budget amendment, Congress would be unable to increase the needed spending. This is not a problem for states because they don’t control fiscal policy, but Congress needs the ability to stimulate the economy. By requiring a balanced budget every year, no matter the state of the economy, such an amendment would raise serious risks of tipping weak economies into recession and making recessions longer and deeper, causing very large job losses. That’s because the amendment would force policymakers to cut spending, raise taxes, or both just when the economy is weak or already in recession — the exact opposite of what good economic policy would advise, wrote Richard Kogan of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Outlook Amending the Constitution is a rare and daunting task. It takes a great deal of time to adopt an amendment. The House may pass the constitutional amendment, but the outlook is much more uncertain in the Senate. If it passes there, it still needs to be ratified by three-fourths of the states. Because of the legitimate opposition to a balanced budget amendment among some economists and policymakers, Congress is unlikely to undertake the cumbersome process of even considering the amendment barring a significant debt crisis.

Beowulf - 1778 Words

In the classic epic Beowulf we follow the great hero from his time as a young boy to his final moments as King of the Geats. During this many traits of various characters are revealed to us, none however as in depth as what is revealed about the titular figure of Beowulf. This is done through a jumble of Pagan and Christian values that are being bounced between throughout the text. Many of his ‘softer’ virtues such as forgiveness, generosity and commitment, seem to stem primarily from the Christian values whereas his ‘harsher’ virtues such as bravery, resourcefulness, and determination seem to stem more from the Pagan/ Germanic values. This conflict stems directly from the era in which this epic was written. During a time when Christianity†¦show more content†¦Another Christian trait that we see in Beowulf is that of Generosity. He first exhibits this trait within the first passage of the story. Upon his departure for Denmark: He announced his plan to sail the swan’s road and seek out that king, the famous prince who needed defenders. nobody tried to keep him from going, no elder denied him, dear as he was to them.(38. 199-203) Her we see Beowulf embarking on a journey in which he easily could not have survived the trip simply because Hrothgar needed help. This show how selfless Beowulf is and the fact that this is included within the first passage is very deliberate as it serves to set the tone for the rest of the story. Essentially this is the first impression that the reader gets of Beowulf so naturally the author sought to make it a good one. Also the author includes a bit of foreshadowing within this quote. By including the line â€Å"no elder denied him, dear as he was to them.† This shows his importance to the Geats even before he has become king. This seems to indicate that he had some predisposed inclination for greatness. Essentially the author is telling us that Beowulf will be more important to the Geats in the future than he already is. Beowulf’s life ends on a very similar note. When he slays the dragon at the end of the story he is also mortally wounded. Upon Wiglaf bringingShow MoreRelatedBeowulf : The Battles Of Beowulf1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battles of Beowulf The story of Beowulf is one of a great hero. Beowulf is a very generous person who is always willing to help out when people are in need. Over the course of the story, Beowulf ends up in three major battles: the battle with Grendel, with Grendel’s mother, and with the dragon. All of these battles were different in their style and the way Beowulf approached them was different. Beowulf also had different reasons to participate in each of the battles. 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